| | RFC 1738: Uniform Resource Locators (URL) specification
The specification for URLs (RFC 1738, Dec. '94) poses a problem, in that it limits the use of allowed characters in URLs to only a limited subset of the US-ASCII character set:
"...Only alphanumerics [0-9a-zA-Z], the special characters "$-_.+!*'()," [not including the quotes - ed], and reserved characters used for their reserved purposes may be used unencoded within a URL."
HTML, on the other hand, allows the entire range of the ISO-8859-1 (ISO-Latin) character set to be used in documents - and HTML4 expands the allowable range to include all of the Unicode character set as well. In the case of non-ISO-8859-1 characters (characters above FF hex/255 decimal in the Unicode set), they just can not be used in URLs, because there is no safe way to specify character set information in the URL content yet [RFC2396.]
URLs should be encoded everywhere in an HTML document that a URL is referenced to import an object (A, APPLET, AREA, BASE, BGSOUND, BODY, EMBED, FORM, FRAME, IFRAME, ILAYER, IMG, ISINDEX, INPUT, LAYER, LINK, OBJECT, SCRIPT, SOUND, TABLE, TD, TH, and TR elements.)
Characters that must be encoded includes the following
ASCII Control characters
These are ASCII non-printable character. Includes the ISO-8859-1 (ISO-Latin) character ranges 00-1F hex (0-31 decimal) and 7F (127 decimal.)
Non-ASCII characters
These are by definition not legal in URLs since they are not in the ASCII set. Includes the entire "top half" of the ISO-Latin set 80-FF hex (128-255 decimal.)
Reserved characters
URLs use some characters for special use in defining their syntax. When these characters are not used in their special role inside a URL, they need to be encoded. Below table provides a snapshot of the reserved character.
| Character | Code
Points
(Hex) | Code
Points
(Dec) |
|---|
Dollar ("$")
Ampersand ("&")
Plus ("+")
Comma (",")
Forward slash/Virgule ("/")
Colon (":")
Semi-colon (";")
Equals ("=")
Question mark ("?")
'At' symbol ("@")
| 24
26
2B
2C
2F
3A
3B
3D
3F
40 | 36
38
43
44
47
58
59
61
63
64 |
Unsafe characters
Some characters present the possibility of being misunderstood within URLs for various reasons. These characters should also always be encoded.
| Character | Code
Points
(Hex) | Code
Points
(Dec) | Why encode? |
|---|
| Space | 20 | 32 | Significant sequences of spaces may be lost in some uses (especially multiple spaces) | Quotation marks
'Less Than' symbol ("<")
'Greater Than' symbol (">") | 22
3C
3E | 34
60
62 | These characters are often used to delimit URLs in plain text. | | 'Pound' character ("#") | 23 | 35 | This is used in URLs to indicate where a fragment identifier (bookmarks/anchors in HTML) begins. | | Percent character ("%") | 25 | 37 | This is used to URL encode/escape other characters, so it should itself also be encoded. | Misc. characters:
Left Curly Brace ("{")
Right Curly Brace ("}")
Vertical Bar/Pipe ("|")
Backslash ("\")
Caret ("^")
Tilde ("~")
Left Square Bracket ("[")
Right Square Bracket ("]")
Grave Accent ("`") |
7B
7D
7C
5C
5E
7E
5B
5D
60 |
123
125
124
92
94
126
91
93
96 | Some systems can possibly modify these characters. |
How are characters URL Encoded?
URL encoding of a character consists of a "%" symbol, followed by the two-digit hexadecimal representation (case-insensitive) of the ISO-Latin code point for the character.
Using C# How you can encode and decode URL's
.Net provide HttpUtility class for encoding and decoding URL's. You need to add System.Web reference to your project. Once you have added you can use the below code for encoding and decoding.
{codecitation class="brush: csharp; gutter: true;" width="500px"}
using System;
using System.Web;
namespace TestProject
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
string encodedString = HttpUtility.UrlEncode("[hi this is a sample]");
Console.WriteLine("Encoded String : {0}", encodedString);
string decodedString = HttpUtility.UrlDecode(encodedString);
Console.WriteLine("Decoded String : {0}", decodedString);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
{/codecitation}
Thank you
Amal | |